Blood testing 血液檢驗
Common markers for diagnosis and assessment of viral hepatitis
常見用於診斷及評估病毒性肝炎的指標
| Marker 指標 |
Clinical interpretation for a positive result 陽性測試結果的臨床意義 |
To be included in the household survey 住戶調查中包含的測試 |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-HAV 甲型肝炎抗體 |
Past or present infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or vaccination against HAV 現在或過去曾感染甲型肝炎病毒 或 曾接種甲型肝炎疫苗 |
✔ |
| HBsAg 乙型肝炎表面抗原 |
Presence of hepatitis B virus infection 感染了乙型肝炎病毒 |
✔ |
| HBeAg 乙型肝炎 e 抗原 |
Active replication of hepatitis B virus in an infected person; Marker of high infectivity 乙型肝炎病毒在患者體內活躍地複製，是高傳染性的指標 |
✖ |
| Anti-HBs 乙型肝炎表面抗體 |
Protection from hepatitis B virus infection acquired by recovery from infection or vaccination 對乙型肝炎病毒免疫，免疫力可源自感染後痊癒或疫苗接種所致 |
✔ |
| Anti-HBe 乙型肝炎 e 抗體 |
Low replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in an infected person if viral load is low; Infection with HBV variants if viral load is high 若患者的乙型肝炎病毒載量為低，陽性結果表示乙肝病毒在患者體內緩慢地複製； 若患者的乙型肝炎病毒載量為高，陽性結果表示患者可能已感染某些變異的乙肝病毒 |
✖ |
| Anti-HBc 乙型肝炎核心抗體 |
Previous or ongoing natural infection with hepatitis B virus 現在或過去曾感染乙型肝炎病毒 |
✔ |
| Anti-HCV 丙型肝炎抗體 |
Active or past hepatitis C virus infection 現在或過去曾感染丙型肝炎病毒 |
✖ |
| Anti-HDV 丁型肝炎抗體 |
Acute or chronic infection with hepatitis D virus 急性或慢性的丁型肝炎病毒感染 |
✖ |
| Anti-HEV 戊型肝炎抗體 |
Past or present infection with hepatitis E virus 現在或過去曾感染戊型肝炎病毒 |
✖ |
Sampling methods
To diagnose hepatitis virus infection, a test for virus and immunity markers is normally performed on a blood sample, which can be collected by venepuncture or fingerstick.
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Venepuncture sampling
Venepuncture is a common way to collect blood from adults. Blood collection usually takes place from a superficial vein in the upper limb. The venepuncture procedure is performed by medical professionals or trained phlebotomists.
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Fingerstick sampling
Fingerstick sampling involves taking a small amount of blood from the end of a finger by using a lancet. Blood can be collected into a microtube or spotted onto a filter paper card to air-dry before testing. This approach is much simpler than the venepuncture procedure and the collection of blood specimens can be self-administrated under clear instructions. Owing to its simplicity and minimal invasiveness, dried blood spot samples have been used for screening some common infectious diseases.
採血方式
要診斷是否感染了肝炎病毒，一般需要透過靜脈穿刺或手指穿刺方式收集血液樣本，以便對病毒及免疫指標進行測試。
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靜脈穿刺採樣 （抽血）
靜脈穿刺是常用收集血液樣本的方法，一般在肘部彎曲處近表皮的靜脈抽取血液樣本。靜脈穿刺須由專業的醫護人員或經訓練的抽血員進行。
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手指穿刺採樣（篤手指）
手指穿刺採樣是利用刺針在指頭作穿刺，然後以微型收集管收取少量血液 或 將血液點滴在濾紙上風乾，以便之後進行測試。手指穿刺採樣的程序比靜脈穿刺簡單，在清晰指示下，測試者可自行收集血液樣本。因為手指穿刺採樣相對簡單及低入侵性，利用乾血點樣本篩查一些常見的傳染病也愈見普遍。